Definition of Book profit
Book profit
The cumulative book income plus any gain or loss on disposition of the assets on termination of the SAT.
Related Terms:
The ratio of net income to net sales.
The ratio of net income before taxes to net sales.
A banker or trader's positions.
cash A firm's cash balance as reported in its financial statements. Also called ledger cash.
The managing underwriter for a new issue. The book runner maintains the book of securities sold.
A company's book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities, such as debt. A
company's book value might be more or less than its market value.
The ratio of stockholder equity to the average number of common shares. book value
per share should not be thought of as an indicator of economic worth, since it reflects accounting valuation
(and not necessarily market valuation).
The Treasury and federal agencies are moving to a book-entry system in which securities are not represented by engraved pieces of paper but are maintained in computerized records at the
Fed in the names of member banks, which in turn keep records of the securities they own as well as those they
are holding for customers. In the case of other securities where a book-entry has developed, engraved
securities do exist somewhere in quite a few cases. These securities do not move from holder to holder but are
usually kept in a central clearinghouse or by another agent.
Gross profit divided by sales, which is equal to each sales dollar left over after paying
for the cost of goods sold.
A record of unexecuted limit orders that is maintained by the specialist. These orders are
treated equally with other orders in terms of priority of execution.
Market price of a share divided by book value per share.
A bank runs a matched book when the distribution of maturities of its assets and liabilities are equal.
The current book value of an asset or liability; that is, its original book value net of any
accounting adjustments such as depreciation.
Net income divided by sales; the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses
have been paid.
See: unmatched book.
Operating profit margin
The ratio of operating margin to net sales.
Price/book ratio
Compares a stock's market value to the value of total assets less total liabilities (book
value). Determined by dividing current stock price by common stockholder equity per share (book value),
adjusted for stock splits. Also called Market-to-book.
Profit margin
Indicator of profitability. The ratio of earnings available to stockholders to net sales.
Determined by dividing net income by revenue for the same 12-month period. Result is shown as a
percentage.
Profitability index
The present value of the future cash flows divided by the initial investment. Also called
the benefit-cost ratio.
Profitability ratios
Ratios that focus on the profitability of the firm. profit margins measure performance
with relation to sales. Rate of return ratios measure performance relative to some measure of size of the
investment.
Risk-adjusted profitability
A probability used to determine a "sure" expected value (sometimes called a
certainty equivalent) that would be equivalent to the actual risky expected value.
Short book
See: unmatched book.
Stockholder's books
Set of books kept by firm management for its annual report that follows Financial
Accounting Standards Board rules. The tax books follow IRS tax rules.
Tax books
Set of books kept by a firm's management for the IRS that follows IRS rules. The stockholder's
books follow Financial Accounting Standards Board rules.
Unmatched book
If the average maturity of a bank's liabilities is less than that of its assets, it is said to be
running an unmatched book. The term is commonly used with the Euromarket. Term also refers to the
condition when a firm enters into OTC derivatives contracts and chooses to hedge that risk by not making
trades in the opposite direction to another financial intermediary. In this case, the firm with an unmatched
book hedges its net market risk with futures and options, usually.
Related expressions: open book and short book.
BOOK VALUE
An asset’s cost basis minus accumulated depreciation.
BOOK VALUE OF COMMON STOCK
The theoretical amount per share that each stockholder would receive if a company’s assets were sold on the balance sheet’s date. book value equals:
(Stockholders’ equity) / (Common stock shares outstanding)
GROSS PROFIT
The profit a company makes before expenses and taxes are taken away.
PROFIT
What’s left over after you subtract the cost of goods sold and all your expenses from sales.
Controllable profit
The profit made by a division after deducting only those expenses that can be controlled by the
divisional manager and ignoring those expenses that are outside the divisional manager’s control.
Cost–volume–profit analysis (CVP)
A method for understanding the relationship between revenue, cost and sales volume.
Gross profit
The difference between the price at which goods or services are sold and the cost of sales.
Income The revenue generated from the sale of goods or services.
Net profit
See operating profit.
Operating profit
The profit made by the business for an accounting period, equal to gross profit less selling, finance, administration etc. expenses, but before deducting interest or taxation.
Profit
The difference between income and expenses.
Profit and Loss account
A financial statement measuring the profit or loss of a business – income less expenses – for an accounting period.
Profit before interest and taxes (PBIT)
See EBIT.
Profit centre
A division or unit of an organization that is responsible for achieving profit targets.
Profitability index
See cash value added.
Retained profits
The amount of profit after deducting interest, taxation and dividends that is retained by the business.
Gross profit
The result of subtracting cost of goods sold from sales. Synonymous with gross margin.
book value and book value per share
Generally speaking, these terms
refer to the balance sheet value of an asset (or less often of a liability) or
the balance sheet value of owners’ equity per share. Either term emphasizes
that the amount recorded in the accounts or on the books of a business
is the value being used. The total of the amounts reported for
owners’ equity in its balance sheet is divided by the number of stock
shares of a corporation to determine the book value per share of its capital
stock.
cash flow from operating activities, or cash flow from profit
This equals the cash inflow from sales during the period minus the cash
outflow for expenses during the period. Keep in mind that to measure
net income, generally accepted accounting principles require the use of
accrual-basis accounting. Starting with the amount of accrual-basis net
income, adjustments are made for changes in accounts receivable,
inventories, prepaid expenses, and operating liabilities—and depreciation
expense is added back (as well as any other noncash outlay
expense)—to arrive at cash flow from profit, which is formally labeled
cash flow from operating activities in the externally reported statement
of cash flows.
gross margin, or gross profit
This first-line measure of profit
equals sales revenue less cost of goods sold. This is profit before operating
expenses and interest and income tax expenses are deducted. Financial
reporting standards require that gross margin be reported in
external income statements. Gross margin is a key variable in management
profit reports for decision making and control. Gross margin
doesn’t apply to service businesses that don’t sell products.
operating profit
See earnings before interest and income tax (EBIT).
profit
The general term profit is not precisely defined; it may refer to net
gains over a period of time, or cash inflows less cash outflows for an
investment, or earnings before or after certain costs and expenses are
deducted from income or revenue. In the world of business, profit is
measured by the application of generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP). In the income statement, the final, bottom-line profit is generally
labeled net income and equals revenue (plus any extraordinary gains)
less all expenses (and less any extraordinary losses) for the period. Inter-
nal management profit reports include several profit lines: gross margin,
contribution margin, operating profit (earnings before interest and
income tax), and earnings before income tax. External income statements
report gross margin (also called gross profit) and often report one
or more other profit lines, although practice varies from business to
business in this regard.
profit and loss statement (P&L statement)
This is an alternative moniker
for an income statement or for an internal management profit report.
Actually, it’s a misnomer because a business has either a profit or a loss
for a period. Accordingly, it should be profit or loss statement, but the
term has caught on and undoubtedly will continue to be profit and loss
statement.
profit module
This concept refers to a separate source of revenue and
profit within a business organization, which should be identified for
management analysis and control. A profit module may focus on one
product or a cluster of products. profit in this context is not the final, bottom-
line net income of the business as a whole. Rather, other measures
of profit are used for management analysis and decision-making purposes—
such as gross margin, contribution margin, or operating profit
(earnings before interest and income tax).
profit ratios
Ratios based on sales revenue for a period. A measure of
profit is divided by sales revenue to compute a profit ratio. For example,
gross margin is divided by sales revenue to compute the gross margin
profit ratio. Dividing bottom-line profit (net income) by sales revenue
gives the profit ratio that is generally called return on sales.
Book Value
The value of an asset as carried on the balance sheet of a
company. In reference to the value of a company, it is the net worth
(equity) of the company.
Book Value per Share
The book value of a company divided by the number of shares
outstanding
Market to Book Ratio
Measure of the book value of a company on a per share basis. It is
calculated by dividing the book value of the company by the
number of common shares outstanding.
Profit Margin Ratio
A measure of how much profit is earned on each dollar of sales. It
is calculated by dividing the net income available for distribution to
shareholders by the total sales generated during the period.
Profitability Index
A method for determining the profitability of an investment. It is
calculated by dividing the present value of the future net cash flows
by the initial cash investment.
cost-volume-profit (CVP)
analysis a procedure that examines
changes in costs and volume levels and the resulting
effects on net income (profits)
open-book management
a philosophy about increasing a firm’s performance by involving all workers and by ensuring
that all workers have access to operational and financial
information necessary to achieve performance improvements
phantom profit
a temporary absorption costing profit caused
by producing more inventory than is sold
profit center
a responsibility center in which managers are responsible for generating revenues and planning and controlling all expenses
profit margin
the ratio of income to sales
profit sharing
an incentive payment to employees that is
contingent on organizational or individual performance
profit-volume graph
a visual representation of the amount
of profit or loss associated with each level of sales
profitability index (Pl)
a ratio that compares the present value of net cash flows to the present value of the net investment
pseudo microprofit center
a center for which a surrogate
of market value must be used to measure output revenue
real microprofit center
a center whose output has a market value
Book inventory
The amount of money invested in inventory, as per a company’s
accounting records. It is comprised of the beginning inventory balance, plus the
cost of any receipts, less the cost of sold or scrapped inventory. It may be significantly
different from the actual on-hand inventory, if the two are not periodically
reconciled.
Book value
An asset’s original cost, less any depreciation that has been subsequently incurred.
Profit center
An entity within a corporation against which both revenues and costs are
recorded. This results in a separate financial statement for each such entity, which
reveals a net profit or loss, as well as a return on any assets used by the entity.
book rate of return
Accounting income divided by book value.
Also called accounting rate of return.
book value
Net worth of the firm’s assets or liabilities according
to the balance sheet.
profitability index
Ratio of net present value to initial investment.
Profit Sharing Plan
A retirement plan generally funded by a percentage of company
profits, but into which contributions can be made in the absence of profits.
Book Income
Pretax income reported on the income statement.
Gross Profit
Revenue less cost of goods sold.
Gross Profit Margin
Gross profit divided by revenue.
Book Returns
book yield is the investment income earned in a year on a portfolio of assets purchased over a number of years and at different interest rates, divided by the book value of those assets.
balance sheet
A term often used instead of the more formal and correct
term—statement of financial condition. This financial statement summarizes
the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity sources of a business at a
given moment in time. It is prepared at the end of each profit period and
whenever else it is needed. It is one of the three primary financial statements
of a business, the other two being the income statement and the
statement of cash flows. The values reported in the balance sheet are the
amounts used to determine book value per share of capital stock. Also,
the book value of an asset is the amount reported in a business’s most
recent balance sheet.
income statement
Financial statement that summarizes sales revenue
and expenses for a period and reports one or more profit lines for the
period. It’s one of the three primary financial statements of a business.
The bottom-line profit figure is labeled net income or net earnings by
most businesses. Externally reported income statements disclose less
information than do internal management profit reports—but both are
based on the same profit accounting principles and methods. Keep in
mind that profit is not known until accountants complete the recording
of sales revenue and expenses for the period (as well as determining any
extraordinary gains and losses that should be recorded in the period).
profit measurement depends on the reliability of a business’s accounting
system and the choices of accounting methods by the business. Caution:
A business may engage in certain manipulations of its accounting methods,
and managers may intervene in the normal course of operations for
the purpose of improving the amount of profit recorded in the period,
which is called earnings management, income smoothing, cooking the
books, and other pejorative terms.
owners' equity
Refers to the capital invested in a business by its shareowners
plus the profit earned by the business that has not been distributed
to its shareowners, which is called retained earnings. Owners’
equity is one of the two basic sources of capital for a business, the other
being borrowed money, or debt. The book value, or value reported in a
balance sheet for owners’ equity, is not the market value of the business.
Rather, the balance sheet value reflects the historical amounts of capital
invested in the business by the owners over the years plus the accumulation
of yearly profits that were not paid out to owners.
Gain
The profit earned on the sale of an asset, computed by subtracting its book value
from the revenue received from its sale.
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